Gaeng Som (Thai Sour Orange Curry with Fish)

Gaeng som sits among Thailand’s sharp, broth-like sour curries, lighter than coconut-based curries but just as assertive. In this version, white fish is gently simmered in a tangy tamarind and orange broth with garlic, shallot, dried chilli, fish sauce and a little sugar to round the edges. Pineapple adds juicy sweetness while green beans keep the dish fresh and crisp-tender. Served hot with jasmine rice, it makes a bright, spicy dinner where the rice softens the sour heat and the fish stays delicate if stirred only minimally.
Cuisine style Thai sour curry
Spice level Hot
Cooking style Minimal cleanup
Time commitment Under 1 hour

Why this recipe works

  • Bright sour balance: Tamarind and orange juice create the curry’s sharp backbone, while sugar and fish sauce round out the sourness with sweetness and savoury depth.
  • Aromatic base: Briefly cooking shallot, garlic and dried chilli in oil gives the broth a more rounded flavour before the liquid is added.
  • Rice-friendly intensity: The curry is deliberately punchy, and plain jasmine rice softens the heat, acidity and saltiness without muting the dish.

Get the most out of this recipe

Adjust the heat

  • For less heat: Shake out more of the chilli seeds before cooking, or use fewer dried chilli pieces so the sour broth stays lively without becoming too fiery.
  • For more heat: Keep the chilli seeds in, or add extra dried chilli to the aromatic base for a sharper, hotter broth.
  • Keep the balance: If the curry tastes too harsh, adjust with a little more sugar or fish sauce rather than diluting the broth.

Ingredient notes

  • Choose firm white fish: Cod or another firm white fish works well because it flakes cleanly but can still hold together in the hot broth.
  • Tamarind sets the tone: Tamarind paste varies in strength, so taste the broth before adding the fish and adjust the sweet-salty balance as needed.
  • Use ripe pineapple: Ripe pineapple brings sweetness and fragrance that help balance the curry’s sour and spicy edges.

Texture tips

  • Keep the fish tender: Add the fish at the end and maintain a gentle simmer so the pieces cook through without tightening or breaking apart.
  • Stop when opaque: Remove the curry from the heat once the fish is opaque and flakes easily; continued boiling can make it dry.
  • Keep the beans lively: Simmer the beans only until tender with a little bite so they contrast with the soft fish and pineapple.

Authenticity notes

  • Coconut-free curry: Gaeng som is recognised for its clear, sour and spicy broth rather than the coconut-rich texture associated with many Thai curries.
  • Flexible additions: Fish, prawns, vegetables and fruit are common ways to build the curry, with the sour broth remaining the defining feature.

Equipment you'll need

Ingredients
Instructions
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  1. Cook the jasmine rice according to the packet instructions, then cover and keep warm. While it cooks, prepare the curry ingredients.
  2. Peel and finely slice the shallots, and peel the garlic. Snip the dried red chilli into smaller pieces and shake out some seeds if you want it less hot.
  3. Heat the vegetable oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add the shallots, garlic, and dried chilli and cook for 2 to 3 minutes, stirring, until fragrant and just starting to soften.
  4. Stir in the tamarind paste, then pour in the orange juice and 500 ml water. Bring to the boil, then reduce to a lively simmer for 5 minutes so the broth tastes punchy and well blended.
  5. Stir in the caster sugar and fish sauce, then taste and adjust with a little more fish sauce for saltiness or sugar for balance if needed. Add the green beans and simmer for 4 minutes.
  6. Cut the pineapple into bite-sized chunks and add to the pot. Simmer for 2 minutes, then add the white fish in large pieces and gently stir once to submerge it.
  7. Simmer gently for 4 to 6 minutes, until the fish is opaque and flakes easily and the beans are tender with a little bite. Serve the gaeng som hot with the jasmine rice.

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Recipe notes

Serving suggestions

This recipe pairs well with:

Jasmine rice

Tips

  • Keep the simmer gentle once the fish goes in, and stir minimally so the fillets stay in nice pieces.
  • If you are serving anyone who is pregnant, elderly, or immunocompromised, make sure the fish is cooked until fully opaque and piping hot throughout.

Substitutions

  • Replace White fish fillet with Cod fillet for a firmer, flakier result.
  • Replace Orange juice with Pineapple juice for a sweeter, more tropical broth.

Storage

  • Refrigerate up to 2 days
  • Cool the curry quickly, cover, and refrigerate for up to 2 days. Reheat gently in a saucepan over low to medium heat until piping hot, stirring carefully so the fish does not break up; cook fresh rice to serve.

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Gaeng Som (Thai Sour Orange Curry with Fish)
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Recipe overview

  • Servings: 3 servings
  • Total time: 45min (30min active)
  • Difficulty: Medium
  • Cuisine: Thai
  • Allergens:
    Fish
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